Two types of peak emotional responses to music: The psychophysiology of chills and tears
Identifieur interne : 000173 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 000172; suivant : 000174Two types of peak emotional responses to music: The psychophysiology of chills and tears
Auteurs : Kazuma Mori [Japon] ; Makoto Iwanaga [Japon]Source :
- Scientific Reports [ 2045-2322 ] ; 2017.
Abstract
People sometimes experience a strong emotional response to artworks. Previous studies have demonstrated that the peak emotional experience of chills (goose bumps or shivers) when listening to music involves psychophysiological arousal and a rewarding effect. However, many aspects of peak emotion are still not understood. The current research takes a new perspective of peak emotional response of tears (weeping, lump in the throat). A psychophysiological experiment showed that self-reported chills increased electrodermal activity and subjective arousal whereas tears produced slow respiration during heartbeat acceleration, although both chills and tears induced pleasure and deep breathing. A song that induced chills was perceived as being both happy and sad whereas a song that induced tears was perceived as sad. A tear-eliciting song was perceived as calmer than a chill-eliciting song. These results show that tears involve pleasure from sadness and that they are psychophysiologically calming; thus, psychophysiological responses permit the distinction between chills and tears. Because tears may have a cathartic effect, the functional significance of chills and tears seems to be different. We believe that the distinction of two types of peak emotions is theoretically relevant and further study of tears would contribute to more understanding of human peak emotional response.
Url:
DOI: 10.1038/srep46063
PubMed: 28387335
PubMed Central: 5384201
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Two types of peak emotional responses to music: The psychophysiology of chills and tears</title><author><name sortKey="Mori, Kazuma" sort="Mori, Kazuma" uniqKey="Mori K" first="Kazuma" last="Mori">Kazuma Mori</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, and Osaka University</institution>, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871,<country>Japan</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University</institution>, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871,<country>Japan</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a3"><institution>Advanced Research Centers, Keio University</institution>, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8345,<country>Japan</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Iwanaga, Makoto" sort="Iwanaga, Makoto" uniqKey="Iwanaga M" first="Makoto" last="Iwanaga">Makoto Iwanaga</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a4"><institution>Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences</institution>, Higashihiroshima-shi, Hiroshima, 739-8521,<country>Japan</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">28387335</idno><idno type="pmc">5384201</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5384201</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:5384201</idno><idno type="doi">10.1038/srep46063</idno><date when="2017">2017</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000029</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000029</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000029</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000029</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000000</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000000</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">000173</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Two types of peak emotional responses to music: The psychophysiology of chills and tears</title><author><name sortKey="Mori, Kazuma" sort="Mori, Kazuma" uniqKey="Mori K" first="Kazuma" last="Mori">Kazuma Mori</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, and Osaka University</institution>, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871,<country>Japan</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University</institution>, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871,<country>Japan</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a3"><institution>Advanced Research Centers, Keio University</institution>, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8345,<country>Japan</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Iwanaga, Makoto" sort="Iwanaga, Makoto" uniqKey="Iwanaga M" first="Makoto" last="Iwanaga">Makoto Iwanaga</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a4"><institution>Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences</institution>, Higashihiroshima-shi, Hiroshima, 739-8521,<country>Japan</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Scientific Reports</title><idno type="eISSN">2045-2322</idno><imprint><date when="2017">2017</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>People sometimes experience a strong emotional response to artworks. Previous studies have demonstrated that the peak emotional experience of chills (goose bumps or shivers) when listening to music involves psychophysiological arousal and a rewarding effect. However, many aspects of peak emotion are still not understood. The current research takes a new perspective of peak emotional response of tears (weeping, lump in the throat). A psychophysiological experiment showed that self-reported chills increased electrodermal activity and subjective arousal whereas tears produced slow respiration during heartbeat acceleration, although both chills and tears induced pleasure and deep breathing. A song that induced chills was perceived as being both happy and sad whereas a song that induced tears was perceived as sad. A tear-eliciting song was perceived as calmer than a chill-eliciting song. These results show that tears involve pleasure from sadness and that they are psychophysiologically calming; thus, psychophysiological responses permit the distinction between chills and tears. Because tears may have a cathartic effect, the functional significance of chills and tears seems to be different. We believe that the distinction of two types of peak emotions is theoretically relevant and further study of tears would contribute to more understanding of human peak emotional response.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gabrielsson, A" uniqKey="Gabrielsson A">A. Gabrielsson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Konecni, V J" uniqKey="Konecni V">V. J. Konecni</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tokaji, A" uniqKey="Tokaji A">A. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Sci Rep</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Sci Rep</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Scientific Reports</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2045-2322</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Nature Publishing Group</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">28387335</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5384201</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pii">srep46063</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/srep46063</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Two types of peak emotional responses to music: The psychophysiology of chills and tears</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mori</surname><given-names>Kazuma</given-names></name><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">a</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a2">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Iwanaga</surname><given-names>Makoto</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a4">4</xref></contrib><aff id="a1"><label>1</label><institution>Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, and Osaka University</institution>, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871,<country>Japan</country></aff><aff id="a2"><label>2</label><institution>Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University</institution>, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871,<country>Japan</country></aff><aff id="a3"><label>3</label><institution>Advanced Research Centers, Keio University</institution>, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8345,<country>Japan</country></aff><aff id="a4"><label>4</label><institution>Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences</institution>, Higashihiroshima-shi, Hiroshima, 739-8521,<country>Japan</country></aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="c1"><label>a</label><email>kazumamori@nict.go.jp</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>07</day><month>04</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>7</volume><elocation-id>46063</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>14</day><month>09</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>09</day><month>03</month><year>2017</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2017, The Author(s)</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><copyright-holder>The Author(s)</copyright-holder><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><pmc-comment>author-paid</pmc-comment>
<license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>People sometimes experience a strong emotional response to artworks. Previous studies have demonstrated that the peak emotional experience of chills (goose bumps or shivers) when listening to music involves psychophysiological arousal and a rewarding effect. However, many aspects of peak emotion are still not understood. The current research takes a new perspective of peak emotional response of tears (weeping, lump in the throat). A psychophysiological experiment showed that self-reported chills increased electrodermal activity and subjective arousal whereas tears produced slow respiration during heartbeat acceleration, although both chills and tears induced pleasure and deep breathing. A song that induced chills was perceived as being both happy and sad whereas a song that induced tears was perceived as sad. A tear-eliciting song was perceived as calmer than a chill-eliciting song. These results show that tears involve pleasure from sadness and that they are psychophysiologically calming; thus, psychophysiological responses permit the distinction between chills and tears. Because tears may have a cathartic effect, the functional significance of chills and tears seems to be different. We believe that the distinction of two types of peak emotions is theoretically relevant and further study of tears would contribute to more understanding of human peak emotional response.</p></abstract></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="f1"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><title>Mean real-time valence ratings and physiological measures for self-selected songs and experimenter-selected songs for the chills and tears peak emotion groups.</title><p>The left-hand figure shows the overall mean responses. Error bars represent standard error of the mean. The right-hand figure shows the 30 s around the peak onset responses. Lines indicate the mean with the corresponding standard error of the mean. Regions surrounded by the vertical red lines indicate significant differences zones (<italic>p</italic> < 0.05). Note. Self = self-selected song, Experimenter = experimenter-selected song, HR = heart rate, RR = respiration rate, RD = respiration depth, SCL = skin conductance level, SCR = skin conductance response.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep46063-f1"></graphic></fig><fig id="f2"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><title>Mean emotional ratings after listening to self-selected songs and experimenter-selected songs for each peak emotion group (chills and tears).</title><p>Error bars represent standard error of the mean. Note. Self = self-selected song, Experimenter = experimenter-selected song.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep46063-f2"></graphic></fig><table-wrap position="float" id="t1"><label>Table 1</label><caption><title>Descriptive Statistics for the Two Types of Peak Emotional Responses (Chills and Tears) and the Results of the <italic>T</italic>-Tests for the Self-Selected and Experimenter-Selected Song Conditions.</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col></colgroup><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th rowspan="3" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </th><th colspan="4" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Peak emotional response<hr></hr></th><th colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Self-selected<hr></hr></th><th colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Exp.-selected<hr></hr></th><th colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">t-test<hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>M</italic></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>SD</italic></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>M</italic></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>SD</italic></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>t</italic></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>p</italic></th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Chill</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> Number</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">6.92</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">4.04</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.70</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.47</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">11.85</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><0.001<sup>***</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> Intensity</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">5.45</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.27</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.12</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.27</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">15.39</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><0.001<sup>***</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> Duration (s)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">3.47</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">4.17</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.21</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.86</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">6.27</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><0.001<sup>***</sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Tear</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> Number</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">6.12</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">3.57</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.79</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.25</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">11.45</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><0.001<sup>***</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> Intensity</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">5.80</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.63</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.97</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.63</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">11.05</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><0.001<sup>***</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> Duration (s)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">6.60</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">5.41</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.71</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.75</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">8.42</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><0.001<sup>***</sup></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="t1-fn1"><p>Note. <italic>df</italic> = 131. Exp. = experiment. The chills measures were obtained from the chills group and the tears measures were obtained from the tears group. All <italic>p-</italic>values of the correlation coefficients are <0.001.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap position="float" id="t2"><label>Table 2</label><caption><title>Descriptive Statistics for the Pre-Experiment Baseline of Physiological Activity and the Results of the <italic>T</italic>-Tests for the Chills and Tears Groups.</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col></colgroup><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th rowspan="3" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Physiology</th><th colspan="4" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group<hr></hr></th><th colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Chills<hr></hr></th><th colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Tears<hr></hr></th><th colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">t-test<hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>M</italic></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>SD</italic></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>M</italic></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>SD</italic></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>t</italic></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>p</italic></th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">HR</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">72.79</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">10.40</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">70.19</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">10.42</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.02</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>ns</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">RR</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">15.15</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.96</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">16.61</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">3.13</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−1.95</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>ns</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">RD</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">290.98</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">92.96</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">279.69</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">64.87</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.57</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>ns</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">SCL</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">3.49</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.62</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">3.52</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.76</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.17</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>ns</italic></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="t2-fn1"><p>Note. <italic>df</italic> = 64. HR = heart rate, RR = respiration rate, RD = respiration depth, SCL = skin conductance level. All p-values of the correlation coefficients are >0.05.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap position="float" id="t3"><label>Table 3</label><caption><title>Results of the Analysis of Variance and <italic>T</italic>-Tests for the Overall Physiological Reactivity of Response of the Tears and Chills Groups and Self-Selected and Experimenter-Selected Song Conditions.</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col></colgroup><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Psychophysiology</th><th colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group<hr></hr></th><th colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Song<hr></hr></th><th colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group × Song<hr></hr></th><th colspan="4" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Deviation from baseline or neutral<hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>F</italic></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>p</italic></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>F</italic></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>p</italic></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>F</italic></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>p</italic></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>t<sub>chill-self</sub></italic></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>t<sub>chill-exp</sub></italic></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>t<sub>tear-self</sub></italic></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>t<sub>tear-exp</sub></italic></th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Real-time valence</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.66</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.42</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">207.28</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><0.001<sup>***</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.16</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.14</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">29.43 <sup>***</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">5.88<sup>***</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">30.22<sup>***</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">8.25<sup>***</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">HR</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.08</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.77</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">11.06</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><0.001<sup>***</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.14</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.29</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.38</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.78</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.77<sup>**</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−1.52</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">RR</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.91</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.34</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.56</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.45</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.95</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">5.49<sup>***</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">6.66<sup>***</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">4.02<sup>***</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">9.48<sup>***</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">RD</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.05</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.83</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">5.93</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.002<sup>**</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.46</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.50</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.99<sup>**</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.48</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.13<sup>*</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.11</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">SCL</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.04</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.85</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">23.94</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><0.001<sup>***</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.07</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.78</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.32</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−4.50<sup>***</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.28</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−4.78<sup>***</sup></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="t3-fn1"><p>Note. See <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> (left) for descriptive statistics. For the analysis of variance, <italic>df</italic> = 1, 262 and for the <italic>t</italic>-tests <italic>df</italic> = 66 in the chills group, and <italic>df</italic> = 65 in the tears group. *<italic>p</italic> < 0.05, **<italic>p</italic> < 0.01, ***<italic>p</italic> < 0.001. HR = heart rate, RR = respiration rate, RD = respiration depth, SCL = skin conductance response, chill-self = response for self-selected song in the chills group, chill-exp. = response for experimenter-selected song in the chills group, tear-self = response for self-selected song in the tears group, and tear-exp. = response for experimenter-selected song in the tears group.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap position="float" id="t4"><label>Table 4</label><caption><title>Results of the Analysis of Variance and <italic>T</italic>-Tests for the Emotional Evaluation After Listening to Song in the Chills and Tears Groups and Self-Selected and Experimenter-Selected Song Conditions.</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col></colgroup><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Emotional rating</th><th colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group<hr></hr></th><th colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Song<hr></hr></th><th colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group × Song<hr></hr></th><th colspan="4" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Deviation from neutral<hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>F</italic></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>p</italic></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>F</italic></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>p</italic></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>F</italic></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>p</italic></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>t<sub>chill-self</sub></italic></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>t<sub>chill-exp</sub></italic></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>t<sub>tear-self</sub></italic></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>t<sub>tear-exp</sub></italic></th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Valence</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.48</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.49</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">173.05</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><0.001<sup>***</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.60</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.44</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">33.06<sup>***</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">4.27<sup>***</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">27.44<sup>***</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">3.95<sup>***</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Arousal</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">14.66</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><0.001<sup>***</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">10.99</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.001<sup>**</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.29</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.26</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">5.70<sup>***</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.37</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.65</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−1.41</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Happy</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.89</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.09</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">16.25</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><0.001<sup>***</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">5.23</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.02*</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Sad</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">13.50</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><0.001<sup>***</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">34.04</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><0.001<sup>***</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">4.08</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.04*</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Calm</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">8.64</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.004<sup>**</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.05</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.83</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.54</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.46</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Fear</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.33</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.56</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">10.08</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.002<sup>**</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.15</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.69</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="t4-fn1"><p>Note. See <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref> for descriptive statistics. For the analysis of variance <italic>df</italic> = 1, 262 and for the <italic>t</italic>-tests <italic>df</italic> = 66 in the chills group, and <italic>df</italic> = 65 in the tears group. *<italic>p</italic> < 0.05, **<italic>p</italic> < 0.01, ***<italic>p</italic> < 0.001. Chill-self = response for self-selected song in the chills group, chill-exp. = response for experimenter-selected song in the chills group, tear-self = response for self-selected song in the tears group, and tear-exp. = response for experimenter-selected song in the tears group.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap position="float" id="t5"><label>Table 5</label><caption><title>Correlation Matrix of Subjective Emotional Responses for Chills and Tears Groups.</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col></colgroup><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Measure</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">3</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">4</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">5</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">6</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">7</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">8</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">9</th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">1. Intensity</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.67<sup>***</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.66<sup>***</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.68<sup>***</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.11</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.09</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.60<sup>***</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.19<sup>*</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.16</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">2. Number</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.77<sup>***</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.62<sup>***</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.45<sup>***</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.11</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.07</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.44<sup>***</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.15</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">3. Duration</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.58<sup>***</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.63<sup>***</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.46<sup>***</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.16</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.16</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.33<sup>***</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.12</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.07</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">4. Valence</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.73<sup>***</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.58<sup>***</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.39<sup>***</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.13</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.33<sup>***</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.41<sup>***</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.35<sup>***</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.02</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">5. Arousal</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.28<sup>***</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.13</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.08</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.37<sup>***</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.20<sup>*</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.14</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.40<sup>***</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.13</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">6. Happy</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.43<sup>***</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.34<sup>***</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.26<sup>**</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.44<sup>***</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.56<sup>***</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.25<sup>**</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.28<sup>***</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.05</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">7. Sad</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.25<sup>**</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.27<sup>***</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.22<sup>**</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.05</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.15</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.14</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.12</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.31<sup>***</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">8. Calm</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.06</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.07</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.10</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.38<sup>***</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.06</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.25<sup>**</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.11</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">9. Fear</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.18<sup>*</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.16</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.14</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.06</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.11</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.03</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.53<sup>***</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.10</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="t5-fn1"><p>Note. Inter-correlations for the chills group (<italic>n</italic> = 134) are presented below the diagonal whereas those for the tears group (<italic>n</italic> = 132) are presented above the diagonal. *<italic>p</italic> < 0.05, **<italic>p</italic> < 0.01, ***<italic>p</italic> < 0.001.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Japon</li></country></list><tree><country name="Japon"><noRegion><name sortKey="Mori, Kazuma" sort="Mori, Kazuma" uniqKey="Mori K" first="Kazuma" last="Mori">Kazuma Mori</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Iwanaga, Makoto" sort="Iwanaga, Makoto" uniqKey="Iwanaga M" first="Makoto" last="Iwanaga">Makoto Iwanaga</name><name sortKey="Mori, Kazuma" sort="Mori, Kazuma" uniqKey="Mori K" first="Kazuma" last="Mori">Kazuma Mori</name><name sortKey="Mori, Kazuma" sort="Mori, Kazuma" uniqKey="Mori K" first="Kazuma" last="Mori">Kazuma Mori</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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